Actuarium

Bornhuetter–Ferguson / Benktander / Cape Cod

Blend a-priori expected losses with emerged experience via BF, its iterated Benktander form, and the data-driven Cape Cod method, side by side with chain-ladder.

Open with agent
Loaded: Taylor & Ashe (1983) — General Liability (classic textbook triangle) (paid, CAS Loss Reserve DB)
Origin \ Dev12345678910
AY 1
AY 2
AY 3
AY 4
AY 5
AY 6
AY 7
AY 8
AY 9
AY 10

Premium by origin year & expected loss ratio

Ultimate comparison

Origin yearCL ultimateBF ultimateBenktander ultimateCape Cod ultimate
AY 13,901,4633,901,4633,901,4633,901,463
AY 25,433,7195,339,0855,432,0715,339,085
AY 35,378,8264,909,3155,337,8434,909,315
AY 45,297,9064,588,2685,202,8524,588,268
AY 54,858,2003,873,3114,658,5363,873,311
AY 65,111,1713,691,7124,716,9633,691,712
AY 75,660,7713,483,1304,823,0553,483,130
AY 86,784,7992,864,4984,519,6242,864,498
AY 95,642,2661,363,2942,397,1871,363,294
AY 104,969,825344,014664,215344,014

IBNR comparison

Origin yearCL IBNRBF IBNRBenktander IBNRCape Cod IBNR
AY 10000
AY 294,634092,9860
AY 3469,5110428,5280
AY 4709,6380614,5840
AY 5984,8890785,2250
AY 61,419,45901,025,2510
AY 72,177,64101,339,9250
AY 83,920,30101,655,1260
AY 94,278,97201,033,8930
AY 104,625,8110320,2010
Total18,680,85607,295,7180

IBNR by method

Assumptions & limitations
  • Premium is on-level (rate and mix adjusted) so that a single expected loss ratio is meaningful across origin years.
  • The a-priori expected loss ratio is a credible, independent estimate (e.g., pricing plan or industry benchmark) — not derived from the same data being reserved.
  • Cape Cod pools all origin years to estimate a single ELR from the data; it will differ from a manually chosen BF a-priori.
Ask the tutor